# Development in contact ### Consonants #### Initial Consonant Groups ##### Combinations with Y
CEPQNTQVTQ
*kj**c**c*\**tʃ*
*kʰj**ç**ç**ʃ*
*gj**lj**lj**lj*
*ŋj**nj**nj**nj*
\*Also in Númenórean Quenya ##### Combinations with W
CEPQNTQVTQ
*kw**kw**kw**kw*
*kʰw**xʷ**xʷ**f*
*gw**w**v**w*
*ŋw**ŋw**ŋw*\**nw*
\*Also in Númenórean Quenya ##### Nasalized Groups
CEPQNTQVTQ
*mb**m**m**m*
*ṃb**umb**umb**umb*
*nd**n**n**n*
*ṇd**and**and**and*
*ŋg**ŋ**ŋ**n*
*ŋ̇g**iŋg**iŋg**iŋg*
*ŋgj**nj**nj**nj*
*ŋ̇gj**indj**inj**indʒ*
*ŋgw**ŋw**ŋw*\**nw*
*ŋ̇gw**uŋgw**uŋgw**uŋgw*
\*Also in Númenórean Quenya ##### Combinations with S
CEPQNTQVTQ
*sp → ps**ps**s, ups**s, ups*
*sp**f**f**f*
*ṣp**ups**ups**ups*
*st**θ**s**θ*
*ṣt**ist**ist**ist*
*sk → ks**ks**s, iks**s, iks*
*sk**h**h**h*
*ṣk**iks**iks**iks*
*sm**m**m**m*
*sn**n**n**n*
*sr**̥r**r* ~ \**̥r**̥r*
*sl**ɬ**l* ~ \**ɬ**ɬ*
*sj**ç**ç**ʃ*
*sw**xʷ**xʷ**f*
\*Colloquial Sindarin influence ##### Combinations with D, G
CEPQNTQVTQ
*dl**l**l**l*
*dr**r**r**r*
*gl**l, ωl**l**l*
*gr**r, ωr**r**r*
#### Medial Combinations ##### Voiceless Stops
CEPQNTQVTQ
*p**p**p**p*
*pp(ʰ)**pp**pp**pp*
*pt(ʰ)**ɸt**ʍt**ɸt*
*ps**ps**ps**ps*
*pm → mp**mp**mp**mp*
*pm**pp**pp**pp*
*pn**ɸt**ʍt**ɸt*
*pl → lp**lp**lp**lp*
*pl**pηl**pηl**pηl*
—*pl* → *pωl**pωl**pωl*
*pr → rp**rp**rp**rp*
*pr**ps**ps**ps*
—*pr* → *par**par**par*
*pj**pj**pj**pʃ*
*pw**pp**pp**pp*
CEPQNTQVTQ*Comments*
*t**t**t**t*
*tt**st**st**st*from suffixial *t*
*tt**tt**tt**tt*from fortified *t*
*tk**kk**kk**kk*
*ts**ts**ss**ss*
*tm**tw**tw**tw*
*tn → nt**nt**nt**nt*
*tn**tt**tt**tt*
*tl → lt**lt**lt**lt*
*tl**tηl**tηl**tηl*
—*tl* → *lt**lt**lt*
—*tl* → *tωl**tωl**tωl*
*tr → rt**rt**rt**rt*
*tr**ts**ss**ss*
—*tr* → *tar**tar**tar*
*tj**c**c**tʃ*
*tw**tw**tw**tw*
CEPQNTQVTQ
*k**k**k**k*
*kt**χt**χt**χt*
*kk**kk**kk**kk*
*ks**ks**ks**ks*
*km**kw**kw**kw*
*kn → nk**ŋk**ŋk**ŋk*
*kn**χt**χt**χt*
*kl → lk**lk**lk**lk*
*kl**kηl**kηl**kηl*
—*kl* → *lk**lk**lk*
—*kl* → *kωl**kωl**kωl*
*kr → rk**rk**rk**rk*
*kr**ks**ks**ks*
—*kr* → *kar**kar**kar*
*kj**c**c**tʃ*
*kw**kw**kw**kw*
##### Voiceless Aspirates
CEPQNTQVTQ*Comments*
*pʰ**ɸ**f**ɸ*
*pʰ**h**h**h*before *u*
*pʰp(ʰ)**pp**pp**pp*
*pʰt(ʰ)**ɸt**ʍt**ɸt*
*pʰs**ps**ps**ps*
*pʰm**pp**pp**pp*no known case \[PE19/87\]
*pʰn**ɸt**ʍt**ɸt*
*pʰl → lpʰ**lp**lp**lp*
*pʰl**ɸηl**fηl**ɸηl*
—*pʰl* → *ɸωl**fωl**ɸωl*
*pʰr → rpʰ**rp**rp**rp*
*pʰr**ps**ps**ps*
—*ɸr* → *ɸar**far**ɸar*
*pʰj**ɸj**fj**ɸj*
*pʰw**pp**pp**pp*
CEPQNTQVTQ
*tʰ**θ**s**θ*
*tʰt(ʰ)**tt**tt**tt*
*tʰk(ʰ)**kk**kk**kk*
*tʰs**ts**ss**ss*
*tʰm**tw**tw**tw*
*tʰn**tt**tt > st**tt*
*tʰl → ltʰ**lt**lt**lt*
*tʰl**θηl**sηl**θηl*
—*θl* → *lt**lt**lt*
—*θl* → *θωl**sωl**θωl*
*tʰr → rtʰ**rt**rt**rt*
*tʰr**ts**ss**ss*
—*rθ* → *θar**sar**θar*
*tʰj**θj**ʃ**θj*
*tʰw**θw**sw**θw*
CEPQNTQVTQ
*kʰ**χ**h**h*
*kʰt(ʰ)**χt**χt**χt*
*kʰk(ʰ)**kk**kk**kk*
*kʰs**ks**ks**ks*
*kʰm**kw**kw**kw*
*kʰn**χt**χt**χt*
*kʰl* → *lkʰ**lk**lk**lk*
*kʰl**χηl**hηl**hηl*
—*χl* → *χωl**hωl**hωl*
*kʰr* → *rkʰ**rk**rk**rk*
*kʰr**ks**ks**ks*
—*χr* → *χar**har**har*
*kʰj**çç**ç**ʃ*
*kʰw**xxʷ**xʷ**ff*
##### Voiced Stops
CEPQNTQVTQ
*b**β**v**β*
*bt(ʰ)**ɸt**ʍt**ɸt*
*—**βt → wt**wt**wt*
*bs**ps**ps > ws (wr)**ps > ws (wz)*
*bb**pp**pp**pp*
*bd**ɸt**ʍt**ɸt*
*bm**mm**mm > wm**mm > wm*
*bn**mn**mn > wn**mn > wn*
*bl**wl**wl**wl*
—*βl* → *βul**vul**βul*
*br**wr**wr**wr*
—*βr* → *βar**var**βar*
*bj**wj**wj**wj*
—*βj* → *βi**vi**βi*
*bw**wv**wv**wv*
CEPQNTQVTQ*Comments*
*d**ɹ**r**z*
*d**l**l**l*after *r* and a vowel
*dt(ʰ)**st**st > rt**st*
*ds**ts**ss**ss*
*dd**st**st**st*from suffixial *t*
*dd**tt**tt**tt*from fortified *t*
*dm**nw**nw > rm**nw > mb*
*dn**nn**nn > rn**nn ~ nd*
*dl**ɹl**ll, ld**ll, ld*
—*ðl* → *lð**ld**ld*
*dr**ɹr**rr**rr*
*dj**lj**lj**lj*
*dw**ɹw**rw**zw*
CEPQNTQVTQ*Comments*
*g*———
*g**j**j**j*after *e, i*
*g**d**d**d*before final *e* < *j*
*gt(ʰ)**χt**χt**χt*
—*gt(ʰ) → ήt**ήt**ήt*
*gs**ks → ss**ks, s**ks, ss*
—*gs → ήs**ήs**ήs*
*gd**χt**χt**χt*
*gg**kk**kk**kk*
*gm**ŋm**ῆm → ήm**ῆm → ήm*
*gn**ŋn**nn* → *ήn**nn*after *e, a, o*
*gn**ŋn**ῆn**nn*after *i, u*
*gl**ήl**ήl**ήl*
*gr**ήr**ήr**ήr*
*gj**jj**jj**jj*
*gj**ɟj**j**dʒ*after *n, r, l*
*gw**ww**ww**ww*
*gw**w**w**w → b*after *r, l*
##### Nasals
CEPQNTQVTQ*Comments*
*n**n**n**n*
*np**mp**mp**mp*
*nt**nt**nt**nt*
*nk**ŋk**ŋk**ŋk*
*ntʰ**tt**tt > ss**tt*
*—**nθ → nt**nt > ss**nt*
*ns**ss**ss* > *rr, rn, ns* ~ *ss**ss* > *nz*
*nn**nn**nn**nn* ~ *nd*from suffixial *n*
*nn**nd**nd* ~ \**nn**nd*from fortified *n*
*nm**mm**mm**mm* ~ *mb*in compounds
*nm**nw**nw**nw*from suffixial *m*
*nl* → *ln**ld**ld**ld*rare
*nl**ll**ll**ll*
*—**nl* → *nηl**nηl**nηl*
*nr* → *rn**rn**rn**rn*
*nr**rr**rr**rr*
*—**nr* → *nar**nar**nar*
*nj**nj**nj**nj*
*nw**nw**nw**nw*
CEPQNTQVTQ*Comments*
*m**m**m**m*
*mp**mp**mp**mp*
*mt**nt**nt**nt*
*mk**ŋk**ŋk**ŋk*
*mpʰ**pp**pp**pp*
*ms**ss**ss**ss*
*mm**mm**mm**mm* ~ *mb*from suffixial *m*
*mm**mb**mb* ~ \**mm**mb*from fortified *m*
*mn**mn**nn**mn*
*ml* → *lm**lm**lm**lm*
*ml**mul**mul**mul*
*mr* → *rm**rm**rm**rn*
*mr**mar**mar**mar*
*mj**mj**mj**nj*
*mw**nw**nw**nw*
CEPQNTQVTQ*Comments*
*ŋ**—**—**—*
*ŋm**ῆn**ῆn**ήn*
*ŋn**ῆn**ῆn**ήn*after *i, u*
*ŋn**nn**nn* > *ήn**nn*after *a, e, o*
*ŋŋ**ŋg**ŋg**ŋg*
*ŋj**ndj**nj**ndʒ*
*ŋw**ŋgw**ŋgw**ŋgw*
\*Colloquial Sindarin influence ##### Liquids
CEPQNTQVTQ*Comments*
*lp(ʰ)**lp**lp**lp*
*lt(ʰ)**lt**lt**lt*
*lk(ʰ)**lk**lk**lk*
*lb**lβ**lv**lb*
*ld**ld**ld**ld*
*lg**lɣ**ll**lg*
*lg**lj**lj**lj*before *e*
*ls**ls**ls**ls*
*ln**ld**ld**ld*
*lm**lm**lm**lm*
*lŋ**lŋ**lg**lg*
*lr**ll**ll**ll*
*lj**lj**lj**lj*
*lw**lw**lw**lw ~ lb*
CEPQNTQVTQ*Comments*
*rp(ʰ)**rp**rp**rp*
*rt(ʰ)**rt**rt**rt*
*rk(ʰ)**rk**rk**rk*
*rb**rβ**rv**rb*
*rd**rd**rd**rd*
*rg**rɣ**rr**rg*
*rg**rj**rj**rj*before *e*
*rs**rs**ss**ss*
*rn**rn**rn**rn*
*rm**rm**rm**rm*
*rŋ**rŋ**rg**rg*
*rl**ll**ll**ll*
*rj**rj**rj**rj*
*rw**rw**rw**rw ~ rb*
##### Sibilants
CEPQNTQVTQ*Comments*
*s**z**r**z*between vowels
*s**s**s**s*before *p, t, k, s*
*sb → zb**sp, ps**sp, ps**sp, ps*
*sd → zd**st**st**st*
*sg → zg**sk, ks**sk, ks**sk, ks*
*sm**mm**mm > rm**mb*
*sn**nn**nn > rn**nd*
*sl → ls**ls**ls**ls*
*sl**ll**ll**ll*
*—**zl → zηl**rηl**zηl*
*sr → rs**rs**ss**ss*
*sr**ss**ss**ss*
*—**zr → rr**rr**rr*
*—**—**zr → sar**zr → zar*
*sj**zj**rj**ʒ*
*sw**zw**rw**zw*
#### Consonants at Word End ##### Nasals
CEPQNTQVTQ
*m**n**n**n*
*n**n**n**n*
*ŋ**ή**ή**ή*
##### Liquids
CEPQNTQVTQ*Comments*
*r**r**r*
*l**l**l*
*j**e**e**e*after a consonant
*j**—**—**—*after a long vowel
*w**o**o**o*after a consonant
*w**—**—**—*after a long vowel
##### Fricatives
CEPQNTQVTQ
*s**s**s**s*
*h**ή**ή**ή*
##### Stops
CEPQNTQVTQ
*t**t**s**s*
*th**t**s**s*
*d**r**r**r*
*k**t**s**s*
*p**t**s**s*
##### Groups
CEPQNTQ
*nt**nt**n*
*nd**n**n*
*mb**n**n*
*ŋg**n**n*
*ps**s**s*
*ts**s**s*
*ks**s**s*
*ss**s**s*
*st**s**s*
*ht**t**t*
### Vowels ##### Changes in hiatus
CEPQNTQ
*aja**ea**ea*
*aje**ie**ie*
*ajo**eo**eo*
*awa**oa**oa, ava*
*awo**uo**uo*
*awe**oe**oe*
*ājV**ajjV**ajjV*
*āwV**āvV**āvV*
*aga**ā**ā*
*āge**ā**ā*
*āgo**ā**ā*
*āgē**ē**ē*
*agē**ē*ē
*age**ē**ē*
*āgō**ō**ō*
*agō**ō**ō*
*ago*ōō
CEPQNTQComment
*eja**ea**ea*
*eje**ie**ie*
*ejo**io**io*
*ewa**ewa**ewa, eva*
*ewo**eo**eo*
*ewe**ewe**ewe*
*ējV**ejjV**ejjV*
*ēwV**ēvV**ēvV*
*ega**ea**ea*
*ego**eo**eo*
*ege**ē**ē*
*ej**ē**ē*stressed
*ej**ī**ī*unstressed
CEPQNTQVTQ
*ijV**i(j)V**i(j)V**i(j)V*
*ige**ie**ie**ie*
*igo**io**io**io*
*iga**ia**ia**ia*
*igi**ī**ī**ī*
*igu**iw**jū**jū*
CEPQNTQComment
*ojV**ojV**ojV*
*oje**oe**oe*
*owa**oa**oa, ova*
*owo**uo**uo*
*owe**ue**ue*
*oga**oa**oa*
*oge**oe**oe*
*ogo**ō**ō*
*ow**ō**ō*stressed
*ow**ū**ū*unstressed
CEPQNTQVTQ
*uwV**u(w)V**u(w)V**u(w)V*
*uge**ue**ue**ue*
*ugo**uo**uo**uo*
*uga**ua**ua**ua*
*ugu**ū**ū**ū*
*ugi**uj**uj**wī*
CEPQNTQComment
*wo**wa**wa*stressed
*wō**wō**wō*
*woj**waj**n*
*wow**wō**n*
*waw**aw, wā**aw, w*
##### Vowels at Word End
CEPQNTQComment
*iw**io, iju**io, iju*
*uj**ue, uvi**ue, uvi*
*i**e**e*
*u**o**o*
*e, a, o*——
*ai**e**e*
*oi**ui**ui*stressed
*oi**ī**i*unstressed