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The Division of Tongues acts as an introduction to the grammatical treaty of elvish languages, Tengwesta Quenderinwa, laying foundation to their relation to each other. Its final version showed a layer of revisions, intended to incorporate the conceptual shift...

Parma Eldalamberon 11 Text Date Source Comment GG: The Gnomish Grammar PE11/7-16 It was written and abandoned before work on the lexicon was completed. GL: The Gnomish Lexicon (pencil) PE11/17-75 The earliest version in pencil, with some ink revisi...

Denominal adjectives A primary distinction within adjective classes is between qualitative and relational adjectives. Qualitative adjectives express properties that describe entities and are typically gradable. In contrast, relational adjectives function to cl...

Use of the Article To explain various asymmetries with regard to the (non-)use of definite article in Quenya as compared to English, we will exploit the distinction of semantic and pragmatic uniqueness as originally introduced by Löbner1 and some generalizatio...

[Originally authored by Paul Strack in 2026] Introduction The mutation of adjectives in Sindarin and its conceptual precursors is a fairly well established feature of the language. For example, in the Gnomish Grammar of the 1910s, Tolkien said “For the rules o...

[Originally authored by Paul Strack in 2019 and presented at Omentielva Toltea.] Abstract: It is well known that voiced and voiceless spirants frequently developed into vowels in both Sindarin and Noldorin to produce various diphthongs. This paper examines the...