Development in contact

Consonants

Initial Consonant Groups

Combinations with Y

CE	PQ	NTQ	VTQ
kj	c	c	*tʃ
kʰj	ç	ç	ʃ
gj	lj	lj	lj
ŋj	nj	nj	nj

*Also in Númenórean Quenya

Combinations with W

CE	PQ	NTQ	VTQ
kw	kw	kw	kw
kʰw	xʷ	xʷ	f
gw	w	v	w
ŋw	ŋw	ŋw	*nw

*Also in Númenórean Quenya

Nasalized Groups

CE	PQ	NTQ	VTQ
mb	m	m	m
ṃb	umb	umb	umb
nd	n	n	n
ṇd	and	and	and
ŋg	ŋ	ŋ	n
ŋ̇g	iŋg	iŋg	iŋg
ŋgj	nj	nj	nj
ŋ̇gj	indj	inj	indʒ
ŋgw	ŋw	ŋw	*nw
ŋ̇gw	uŋgw	uŋgw	uŋgw

*Also in Númenórean Quenya

Combinations with S

CE	PQ	NTQ	VTQ
sp → ps	ps	s, ups	s, ups
sp	f	f	f
ṣp	ups	ups	ups
st	θ	s	θ
ṣt	ist	ist	ist
sk → ks	ks	s, iks	s, iks
sk	h	h	h
ṣk	iks	iks	iks
sm	m	m	m
sn	n	n	n
sr	̥r	r ~ *̥r	̥r
sl	ɬ	l ~ *ɬ	ɬ
sj	ç	ç	ʃ
sw	xʷ	xʷ	f

*Colloquial Sindarin influence

Combinations with D, G

CE	PQ	NTQ	VTQ
dl	l	l	l
dr	r	r	r
gl	l, ωl	l	l
gr	r, ωr	r	r

Medial Combinations

Voiceless Stops

CE	PQ	NTQ	VTQ
p	p	p	p
pp(ʰ)	pp	pp	pp
pt(ʰ)	ɸt	ʍt	ɸt
ps	ps	ps	ps
pm → mp	mp	mp	mp
pm	pp	pp	pp
—	pum	pum	pum
pn	ɸt	ʍt	ɸt
—	pan	pan	pan
pl → lp	lp	lp	lp
pl	pηl	pηl	pηl
—	pl → pωl	pωl	pωl
pr → rp	rp	rp	rp
pr	ps	ps	ps
—	pr → par	par	par
pj	pj	pj	pʃ
pw	pp	pp	pp

CE	PQ	NTQ	VTQ	Comments
t	t	t	t
tt	st	st	st	from suffixial t
tt	tt	tt	tt	from fortified t
tk	kk	kk	kk
ts	ts	ss	ss
tm	tw	tw	tw
—	tum	tum	tum
tn → nt	nt	nt	nt
tn	tt	tt	tt
—	tan	tan	tan
tl → lt	lt	lt	lt
tl	tηl	tηl	tηl
—	tl → lt	lt	lt
—	tl → tωl	tωl	tωl
tr → rt	rt	rt	rt
tr	ts	ss	ss
—	tr → tar	tar	tar
tj	c	c	tʃ
tw	tw	tw	tw

CE	PQ	NTQ	VTQ
k	k	k	k
kt	χt	χt	χt
kk	kk	kk	kk
ks	ks	ks	ks
km	kw	kw	kw
—	kum	kum	kum
kn → nk	ŋk	ŋk	ŋk
kn	χt	χt	χt
—	kan	kan	kan
kl → lk	lk	lk	lk
kl	kηl	kηl	kηl
—	kl → lk	lk	lk
—	kl → kωl	kωl	kωl
kr → rk	rk	rk	rk
kr	ks	ks	ks
—	kr → kar	kar	kar
kj	c	c	tʃ
kw	kw	kw	kw

Voiceless Aspirates

CE	PQ	NTQ	VTQ	Comments
pʰ	ɸ	f	ɸ
pʰ	h	h	h	before u
pʰp(ʰ)	pp	pp	pp
pʰt(ʰ)	ɸt	ʍt	ɸt
pʰs	ps	ps	ps
pʰm	pp	pp	pp	no known case [PE19/87]
—	ɸum	fum	ɸum
pʰn	ɸt	ʍt	ɸt
—	ɸan	fan	ɸan
pʰl → lpʰ	lp	lp	lp
pʰl	ɸηl	fηl	ɸηl
—	pʰl → ɸωl	fωl	ɸωl
pʰr → rpʰ	rp	rp	rp
pʰr	ps	ps	ps
—	ɸr → ɸar	far	ɸar
pʰj	ɸj	fj	ɸj
pʰw	pp	pp	pp

CE	PQ	NTQ	VTQ
tʰ	θ	s	θ
tʰt(ʰ)	tt	tt	tt
tʰk(ʰ)	kk	kk	kk
tʰs	ts	ss	ss
tʰm	tw	tw	tw
—	θum	sum	θum
tʰn	tt	tt > st	tt
—	θan	san	θan
tʰl → ltʰ	lt	lt	lt
tʰl	θηl	sηl	θηl
—	θl → lt	lt	lt
—	θl → θωl	sωl	θωl
tʰr → rtʰ	rt	rt	rt
tʰr	ts	ss	ss
—	rθ → θar	sar	θar
tʰj	θj	ʃ	θj
tʰw	θw	sw	θw

CE	PQ	NTQ	VTQ
kʰ	χ	h	h
kʰt(ʰ)	χt	χt	χt
kʰk(ʰ)	kk	kk	kk
kʰs	ks	ks	ks
kʰm	kw	kw	kw
—	χum	hum	hum
kʰn	χt	χt	χt
—	χan	han	han
kʰl → lkʰ	lk	lk	lk
kʰl	χηl	hηl	hηl
—	χl → χωl	hωl	hωl
kʰr → rkʰ	rk	rk	rk
kʰr	ks	ks	ks
—	χr → χar	har	har
kʰj	çç	ç	ʃ
kʰw	xxʷ	xʷ	ff

Voiced Stops

CE	PQ	NTQ	VTQ
b	β	v	β
bt(ʰ)	ɸt	ʍt	ɸt
—	βt → wt	wt	wt
bs	ps	ps > ws (wr)	ps > ws (wz)
bb	pp	pp	pp
bd	ɸt	ʍt	ɸt
bm	mm	mm > wm	mm > wm
bn	mn	mn > wn	mn > wn
bl	wl	wl	wl
—	βl → βul	vul	βul
br	wr	wr	wr
—	βr → βar	var	βar
bj	wj	wj	wj
—	βj → βi	vi	βi
bw	wv	wv	wv

CE	PQ	NTQ	VTQ	Comments
d	ɹ	r	z
d	l	l	l	after r and a vowel
dt(ʰ)	st	st > rt	st
ds	ts	ss	ss
dd	st	st	st	from suffixial t
dd	tt	tt	tt	from fortified t
dm	nw	nw > rm	nw > mb
dn	nn	nn > rn	nn ~ nd
dl	ɹl	ll, ld	ll, ld
—	ðl → lð	ld	ld
dr	ɹr	rr	rr
dj	lj	lj	lj
dw	ɹw	rw	zw

CE	PQ	NTQ	VTQ	Comments
g	—	—	—
g	j	j	j	after e, i
g	d	d	d	before final e < j
gt(ʰ)	χt	χt	χt
—	gt(ʰ) → ήt	ήt	ήt
gs	ks → ss	ks, s	ks, ss
—	gs → ήs	ήs	ήs
gd	χt	χt	χt
gg	kk	kk	kk
gm	ŋm	ῆm → ήm	ῆm → ήm
gn	ŋn	nn → ήn	nn	after e, a, o
gn	ŋn	ῆn	nn	after i, u
gl	ήl	ήl	ήl
gr	ήr	ήr	ήr
gj	jj	jj	jj
gj	ɟj	j	dʒ	after n, r, l
gw	ww	ww	ww
gw	w	w	w → b	after r, l

Nasals

CE	PQ	NTQ	VTQ	Comments
n	n	n	n
np	mp	mp	mp
nt	nt	nt	nt
nk	ŋk	ŋk	ŋk
ntʰ	tt	tt > ss	tt
—	nθ → nt	nt > ss	nt
ns	ss	ss > rr, rn, ns ~ ss	ss > nz
nn	nn	nn	nn ~ nd	from suffixial n
nn	nd	nd ~ *nn	nd	from fortified n
nm	mm	mm	mm ~ mb	in compounds
nm	nw	nw	nw	from suffixial m
nl → ln	ld	ld	ld	rare
nl	ll	ll	ll
—	nl → nηl	nηl	nηl
nr → rn	rn	rn	rn
nr	rr	rr	rr
—	nr → nar	nar	nar
nj	nj	nj	nj
nw	nw	nw	nw

CE	PQ	NTQ	VTQ	Comments
m	m	m	m
mp	mp	mp	mp
mt	nt	nt	nt
mk	ŋk	ŋk	ŋk
mpʰ	pp	pp	pp
ms	ss	ss	ss
mm	mm	mm	mm ~ mb	from suffixial m
mm	mb	mb ~ *mm	mb	from fortified m
mn	mn	nn	mn
ml → lm	lm	lm	lm
ml	mul	mul	mul
mr → rm	rm	rm	rn
mr	mar	mar	mar
mj	mj	mj	nj
mw	nw	nw	nw

CE	PQ	NTQ	VTQ	Comments
ŋ	—	—	—
ŋm	ῆn	ῆn	ήn
ŋn	ῆn	ῆn	ήn	after i, u
ŋn	nn	nn > ήn	nn	after a, e, o
ŋŋ	ŋg	ŋg	ŋg
ŋj	ndj	nj	ndʒ
ŋw	ŋgw	ŋgw	ŋgw

*Colloquial Sindarin influence

Liquids

CE	PQ	NTQ	VTQ	Comments
lp(ʰ)	lp	lp	lp
lt(ʰ)	lt	lt	lt
lk(ʰ)	lk	lk	lk
lb	lβ	lv	lb
ld	ld	ld	ld
lg	lɣ	ll	lg
lg	lj	lj	lj	before e
ls	ls	ls	ls
ln	ld	ld	ld
lm	lm	lm	lm
lŋ	lŋ	lg	lg
lr	ll	ll	ll
lj	lj	lj	lj
lw	lw	lw	lw ~ lb

CE	PQ	NTQ	VTQ	Comments
rp(ʰ)	rp	rp	rp
rt(ʰ)	rt	rt	rt
rk(ʰ)	rk	rk	rk
rb	rβ	rv	rb
rd	rd	rd	rd
rg	rɣ	rr	rg
rg	rj	rj	rj	before e
rs	rs	ss	ss
rn	rn	rn	rn
rm	rm	rm	rm
rŋ	rŋ	rg	rg
rl	ll	ll	ll
rj	rj	rj	rj
rw	rw	rw	rw ~ rb

Sibilants

CE	PQ	NTQ	VTQ	Comments
s	z	r	z	between vowels
s	s	s	s	before p, t, k, s
sb → zb	sp, ps	sp, ps	sp, ps
sd → zd	st	st	st
sg → zg	sk, ks	sk, ks	sk, ks
sm	mm	mm > rm	mb
sn	nn	nn > rn	nd
sl → ls	ls	ls	ls
sl	ll	ll	ll
—	zl → zηl	rηl	zηl
sr → rs	rs	ss	ss
sr	ss	ss	ss
—	zr → rr	rr	rr
—	—	zr → sar	zr → zar
sj	zj	rj	ʒ
sw	zw	rw	zw

Consonants at Word End

Nasals

CE	PQ	NTQ	VTQ
m	n	n	n
n	n	n	n
ŋ	ή	ή	ή

Liquids

CE	PQ	NTQ	VTQ	Comments
r	r	r
l	l	l
j	e	e	e	after a consonant
j	—	—	—	after a long vowel
w	o	o	o	after a consonant
w	—	—	—	after a long vowel

Fricatives

CE	PQ	NTQ	VTQ
s	s	s	s
h	ή	ή	ή

Stops

CE	PQ	NTQ	VTQ
t	t	s	s
th	t	s	s
d	r	r	r
k	t	s	s
p	t	s	s

Groups

CE	PQ	NTQ
nt	nt	n
nd	n	n
mb	n	n
ŋg	n	n
ps	s	s
ts	s	s
ks	s	s
ss	s	s
st	s	s
ht	t	t

Vowels

Changes in hiatus

CE	PQ	NTQ
aja	ea	ea
aje	ie	ie
ajo	eo	eo
awa	oa	oa, ava
awo	uo	uo
awe	oe	oe
ājV	ajjV	ajjV
āwV	āvV	āvV
aga	ā	ā
āge	ā	ā
āgo	ā	ā
āgē	ē	ē
agē	ē	ē
age	ē	ē
āgō	ō	ō
agō	ō	ō
ago	ō	ō

CE	PQ	NTQ	Comment
eja	ea	ea
eje	ie	ie
ejo	io	io
ewa	ewa	ewa, eva
ewo	eo	eo
ewe	ewe	ewe
ējV	ejjV	ejjV
ēwV	ēvV	ēvV
ega	ea	ea
ego	eo	eo
ege	ē	ē
ej	ē	ē	stressed
ej	ī	ī	unstressed

CE	PQ	NTQ	VTQ
ijV	i(j)V	i(j)V	i(j)V
ige	ie	ie	ie
igo	io	io	io
iga	ia	ia	ia
igi	ī	ī	ī
igu	iw	jū	jū

CE	PQ	NTQ	Comment
ojV	ojV	ojV
oje	oe	oe
owa	oa	oa, ova
owo	uo	uo
owe	ue	ue
oga	oa	oa
oge	oe	oe
ogo	ō	ō
ow	ō	ō	stressed
ow	ū	ū	unstressed

CE	PQ	NTQ	VTQ
uwV	u(w)V	u(w)V	u(w)V
uge	ue	ue	ue
ugo	uo	uo	uo
uga	ua	ua	ua
ugu	ū	ū	ū
ugi	uj	uj	wī

CE	PQ	NTQ	Comment
wo	wa	wa	stressed
wō	wō	wō
woj	waj	n
wow	wō	n
waw	aw, wā	aw, w

Vowels at Word End

CE	PQ	NTQ	Comment
iw	io, iju	io, iju
uj	ue, uvi	ue, uvi
i	e	e
u	o	o
e, a, o	—	—
ai	e	e
oi	ui	ui	stressed
oi	ī	i	unstressed

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